Chapter 1 Overview
1.1 A brief introduction to wood resource
1.1.1 International wood resource
1.1.2 China's wood resource
1.2 General drying theory and technology
1.2.1 Wood-water relation
1.2.2 Wood drying theory
1.2.3 Wood drying technology
1.3 Drying theory and technology related to wood collap
1.3.1 Fundamental properties related to wood collap
1.3.2 Prediction and assessment of wood collap
1.3.3 Traditional wood collapse theory
1.3.4 Novel wood transient collapse theory
1.3.5 Drying technology for minimizing collap
1.4 Summary
Reference
Chapter 2 Anatomical Characteristies vs. Shrinkage and Collap
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Materials and method
2.2.1 Collection of sample wood
2.2.2 Preparation of specimen
2.2.3 Determination of unit shrinkage (a),total shrinkage and residualcollap
2.2.4 Measurement of basic density
2.2.5 Determination of microfibril angle (MFA)
2.2.6 Determination of both fiber morphology and various tissue proportion
2.2.7 Statistics analysi
2.3 Result
2.3.1 Statistics on various indice
2.3.2 Correlation analysi
2.3.3 Regression analysi
2.4 Discussion
2.4.1 Relationship between basic density and unit shrinkage and total shrinkage
2.4.2 Relationship between basic density and residual collap
2.4.3 Relationship of anatomical characteristics to unit shrinkage and total shrinkage
2.4.4 Relationship between anatomical characteristics and residual collap
2.5 Conclusion
Reference
Chapter 3 Colorimetric Characteristies vs.Shrinkage and Collap
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Material and method
3.2.1 Preparation of specimen
3.2.2 Steaming and drying procedure
3.2.3 Non-collapse shrinkage test
3.2.4 Determination of total shrinkage, normal shrinkage and collap by image analysis technique
3.2.5 Measurements of color parameter
3.2.6 Regression analysi
3.2.7 Measurement of NIR
3.3 Results and discussion
3.3.1 Effects of drying temperatures on shrinkage and collappropertie
3.3.2 Effects of steaming treatments on shrinkage and collappropertie
3.3.3 Effects of combination of various heat and stea ming treatment on both shrinkage and collap
3.3.4 Shrinkage and collapse properties-colorimetric parameter relationships when jected to various heat treatment
3.3.5 Shrinkage and collapse values-colorimetric parameters relationship when jected to various steaming treatment
3.3.6 Shrinkage and collapse values-colorimetric parameters relationship when jected to combination of heat and steaming treatment
3.3.7 Effect of steaming time on sample coloring
3.3.8 Effect of drying process on sample coloring
3.4 Conclusion
Reference
Chapter 4 Water Vapor Sorption Behavior ys.Shrinkage and Collap
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Materials and method
4.2.1 Preparation of specimen
4.2.2 Heating and steaming procedure
4.2.3 Non-collapse shrinkage test
4.2.4 Determination of total shrinkage, normal shrinkage and collap by image analysis technique
4.2.5 Determination of water vapor sorption behavior
4.3 Results and discussion
4.3.1 Water vapor sorption behavior
4.3.2 Sorption hysteresis
4.3.3 Sorption kinetic
4.3.4 The applicability of Kelvin-Voigt model
4.4 Conclusion
Reference
Chapter 5 Drying Conditions vs. Shrinkage and Collap
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Materials and method
5.2.1 Preparation of specimen
5.2.2 Continuous drying procedure
5.2.3 Intermittent drying procedure
5.2.4 Measurement of dimension by image analysis technique
5.2.5 Determination of total shrinkage and residual collap
5.2.6 SEM observation
5.2.7 Advancement of novel concepts of both transient collapse and maximum transient collap
5.3 Results and discussion
5.3.1 Characteristics of wood tissue structure changes in the drying process under the continuous and intermittent drying regime
5.3.2 Comparison of collapse-shrinkage characteristics under the continuous and intermittent drying regime
5.3.3 Analyses of radial variation characteristics in collapse-shrinkage properties under the continuous and intermittent drying regime
5.4 Conclusion
Reference
Chapter 6 Morphological Study of Collapsed Wood Cells in Intermittent Drying
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Materials and method
6.2.1 Material
6.2.2 Drying condition
6.2.3 Collapse-type shrinkage curve
6.2.4 Preparation of micro section and SEM observation
6.3 Results and discussion
6.3.1 Effects of different drying schedule on drying progression
6.3.2 Shrinkage curves of different drying proce
6.3.3 Distribution of moisture content in continuous and intermittent drying
6.3.4 Morphological study of collapse in continuous and intermittent drying
6.4 Conclusion
Reference
Chapter 7 Intermittent Drying for Minimizing Shrinkage and Collapse in Wood
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Materials and method
7.2.1 Sample woods collection
7.2.2 Specimens preparation
7.2.3 Procedures of continuous and intermittent drying regime
7.2.4 Collapse-free shrinkage test
7.2.5 Measurements of transversal section areay using image analysi technique
7.2.6 Determination of total shrinkage, normal shrinkage and collap
7.3 Results and conclusion
7.3.1 Effects of intermittent duration on total shrinkage and collap
7.3.2 Effects of drying duration on total shrinkage and collap
7.3.3 Effects of drying temperatures on shrinkage and collap
7.3.4 Effects of alteration of high-low relative humidity on total shrinkage and collap
7.4 Conclusion
Reference
Chapter 8 Quantitative Assessment of Moisture Sorption in Wood Cell Wall
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Materials and method
8.2.1 Sample preparation
8.2.2 Micro-FTIR spectrometer
8.2.3 DVS apparatu
8.2.4 Micro-FTIR data processing
8.3 Results and discussion
8.3.1 Qualitatively analyzing moisture sorption
8.3.2 Quantitative analysis of moisture sorption
8.4 Conclusion
Reference
Chapter 9 Spatial Distribution of Moisture in Wood Cell Wall
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Materials and method
9.3 Results and discussion
9.3.1 u-FTIR spectra associated with water molecule
9.3.2 Assignment of Raman spectral peak
9.3.3 Spatial distribution of lignin and cellulo
9.3.4 Spatial distribution of aded water
9.4 Conclusion
Reference
Chapter 10 Molecular Association of Water with Wood
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Materials and method
10.2.1 Sample preparation
10.2.2 Microscopic Fourier transform infrared (micro-FTIR) spectroscopy equipment
10.2.3 Data processing
10.3 Result and discussion
10.3.1 Micro-FTIR spectra of wood associated with water molecule
10.3.2 Analysis of difference spectra
10.3.3 Molecular association of aded water with wood during the adsorption proce
10.4 Conclusion
Reference
Chapter 11 Molecular Association of Aded Water with Main Chemical Components in Wood
11.I Introduction
11.2 Materials and method
11.2.1 Material
11.2.2 Micro-FTIR spectrometer
11.2.3 Data processing
11.3 Results and discussion
11.3.1 Effective sorption sites in lignin during water adsorption proce
11.3.2 Molecular association of aded water with lignin
11.4 Conclusion
Reference