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The important research results of Asian geosciences—General Geomorphic Map of Land and Sea of Asia and Surroundings and Plate Morphotectonic Map of Asia and Surroundings, as well as its matching monograph An Outline of Asia’s Geomorphic Sphere and Its Plate Morphotectonics, have been developed successfully,and will publish openly. This project which has taken 18 years is funded jointly by National Natural Science Foundation of China, Department of Basic Research, Ministry of Science and Technology of China, Russian Foundation for Basic Research, and sponsored by Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences.Plate Morphotectonic Map of Asia and Surroundings is extended and deepened from General Geomorphic Map of Land and Sea of Asia and Surroundings. For on hand, it is the map for helping analyze the formation dynamic of tectonic landform of Asian land and sea, for the other hand, it is the Independent map which can show the relationship between plate tectonics and mega-geomorphology. This map describes the Plate Morphotectonics circumstance in Asia and its adjacent seas completely, and displays collision effect because of Indian Plate to the continent of Asia clearly, besides the formation and differentiation of Plates and Subplates in Asia and its surroundings. Among these, the effect of layering of the lithosphere is particularly emphasized, i.e. Mega-geomorphic deformations and GPS measurements reflect movements of the shallow lithosphere, but the movements of the deep lithosphere are caused by seafloor spreading and plates movements. This map expounds the intricate relations between recent plate tectonic and mega-geomorphic formation and deformation, and also tells us geomorphological indicators are helpful to some research effectively.
Attach instruction Book :An Outline of Asia's Geomorphic Sphere and its Plate MorphotectonicsThe important research results of Asia’s geoscience—General Geomorphic Map of Land and Sea of Asia and Surroundings and Plate Morphotectonic Map of Asia and Surroundings as well as their directional monograph An Outline of Asia’s Geomorphic Sphere and Its Plate Morphotectonics, presented as ChineseEnglish bilingual publications will soon come out. This is a research project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China, the Department of Basic Research, Ministry of Science & Technology of China,and the Foundation of Fundamental Investigations of Russia. The research results are sponsored by the Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences that lasted for many years on the basis of cooperation between China and Russia. Facing the rapid development of economy, the environments, resources and disasters in Asia have attracted extensive attention increasingly, therefore publications of the related results are just what the geoscience circle expected, for this I wish to extend cordial greetings. The mapping regions covers about 35% of the earth’ s surface, this is obvious that the enormous amount and great diversity of the information is required to serve the purpose of giving a fully fletched picture of the geomorphic characteristics of a complex mapping area covering about thirty percent of the earth’s surface, and it could not be compiled in one single map without serious overloading that would be detrimental to its legibility. The chief editor, CHEN Zhiming, therefore decided with justification to present the elements related to plate morphotectonic characteristics in a separate map and at a smaller scale because plate tectonic units are usually larger than landform units. The final result of the research, now available in print, is an invaluable scientific document about the evolution of the earth’s surface. Several scientific organizations and numerous individual scientists from China and other countries have cooperated and helped in the project. The development research of the two maps notice to absorbs various research results from related geoscience. The topography data of the maps are derived from the Topographic Map of the World 1∶5 000 000 and several other existing map series in scales of 1∶1 000 000 or less, mainly printed in China and the former Soviet Union, and including maps of the submarine topography made by the U.S. National Geographic Society. The thematic information is in the first place derived from the numerous existing smallscale geomorphic and landform maps covering smaller or larger terrestrial and oceanic parts of the area. Further, all available geologic and tectonic smallscale maps of Asia have been used and all relevant scientific publications have been consulted. Important new information was obtained from satellite imagery that greatly facilitates the study of megageomorphology and visualizes the major structural elements of the earth’s surface. The developments in the concept of plate tectonics in recent decades and the capacity to precisely measure lateral movements of the earth crust by GPS (Global Positioning System) have opened new scientific vistas for the correct interpretation of the geomorphic information gathered from small scale maps and satellite imagery. These concepts thus played a key role in the project that focuses on morphostructures affected by tectonic mobility and exogenous geomorphic processes, as is evident from the hierarchic legend of the maps. The methodology of geomorphologic mapping originated in continental Europe in the mid 20th century. The methods and hierarchic legends of largescale geomorphic maps were in those days particularly studied in the smaller European countries while the legends of smallscale geomorphologic mapping, with morphostructures as the highest classification category, were especially developed in the Soviet Union where much larger territories had to be mapped. Prof. CHEN Zhiming has good cooperation with many Russian geomorphologists and geologists, and learned the methods of megageomorphologic research and the techniques of geomorphologic mapping there from Prof. I.P. Gerasimov. He thereafter introduced and also further developed these methods adapting them to meet the needs of his own large country, China. The concepts and legends of the Chinese geomorphic maps thus conform international standards but on the other hand also show considerable originality, for instance where aspects of morphoclimatic zoning, including the plate morphotectonics of Asia and surrounding seas in recent years, are concerned. The methodology and cartographic elaboration of the General Geomorphic Map at the scale of 1∶8 000 000 is rooted in morphotectonics, considering that largescale geomorphic patterns are primarily the result of internal dynamic processes in the earth, while the external processes of denudation and accumulation contribute to their surface configuration. Internal processes and material structures are dominant in areas of denudation while the external processes there are of secondary importance. In areas of accumulation to the contrary, the internal processes are a minor factor and modes and variations of accumulation processes become dominant. This is clearly reflected in the legend that thus optimises the legibility of the map. Subdivision of the main geomorphic zones in high geomorphologic units is by obvious boundary and its code. The map contents includes information on basic types of landformusing the criteria of elevation and relief amplitude; structural geomorphic types—for hilly/mountainous terrain, accumulation basins and submarine areas respectively; continental morphostructuresclassifying landforms sculptured in specific geological structures and rock types; morphoclimatic zones and the variety of exogenous processes. CONTENTS Foreword One 1 Foreword Two 5 Preface 7 Chapter 1 Introduction §1.1 The theoretic bases for research of both maps1 1.1.1 Concepts of global geomorphology and its modern development 1 1.1.2 Modern concept of geomorphic sphere and its application in both maps 3 1.1.2.1 Modern concept on formation causes of geomorphic sphere3 1.1.2.2 Form and material attributes of geomorphic sphere 4 1.1.2.3 Motion and evolution attributes of geomorphic sphere 5 1.1.3 Concept of plate layering and its largegeomorphic response 8 1.1.3.1 Concepts of plate layering and its rotation collision8 1.1.3.2 Motions of plates and subplates and responsive principle of mega-geomorphology 9 1.1.4 The global uniqueness of the Asian morphotectonics 10 1.1.4.1 The largest and youngest continent and its tectonic significance 10 1.1.4.2 Coexistencemosaic of the intracontinental cratons orogens 11 1.1.4.3 Connection of active and passive continental margins, confrontation of southern and northern passive margins 11 §1.2 The research methods and mapping principles of the two maps 12 1.2.1 Research and mapping methods of the two Asian maps 12 1.2.1.1 Comparative analyses of satellite image, thematic map and topographic map 13 1.2.1.2 Unified paleomagnetic data in oceans and continents and forwardinverse analysis of tectonics and landform 13 1.2.1.3 Classifying methods of vertical layer, formational phase and active state on faultsystem 14 1.2.2 Editing principles and representation of the both maps 17 1.2.2.1 Editing principles of the general geomorphologic map of land and sea 17 1.2.2.2 Representative contents and legend system of the general geomorphologic map of land and sea 19 1.2.2.3 Compilation contents and legends of the plate morphotectonic map 24 1.2.3 The editing data basis of the two maps 27 Chapter 2 LandSea Tectonic Geomorphic Outline of General Geomorphic Map §2.1 Basic term and classifying principles of endogenic geomorphology 29 2.1.1 Three basic terms and concept of endogenic landform29 2.1.1.1 Concept difference of morphotectonics and tectonic landform 29 2.1.1.2 Concept difference of morphotectonics and morphostructure 30 2.1.2 Classifying principle and mapping basis of tectonic geomorphology 30 2.1.2.1 Plate tectonic basis and the related terms of mountain endogenetic landforms classifying 31 2.1.2.2 Geomorphologic basis and their terms of mountain tectonic landform classifying 32 §2.2 Land and sea tectonic geomorphic outline of the general geomorphic map 33 2.2.1 Tectonic landform synopsis in continent denuded mountain 33 2.2.1.1 Intercontinental collision type young orogenic system (Ⅰ Class) 34 2.2.1.2 Intercontinental regeneratedrejuvenated mt.system (Ⅱ Class) 35 2.2.1.3 Intracontinental craton epeirogeic type reviving relict Mts.(Ⅲ Class) 37 2.2.1.4 Pal. cont. margin land and sea transition circumoceanic mt.syst.(Ⅳ Class) 37 2.2.1.5 Recent cont. margin convergediverged type young mts. (Ⅴ Class) 38 2.2.2 Brief introduction on the class and order of tectonic landform of continental accumulated basin 38 2.2.2.1 Compressed downfaulting basins related to continental collision(Ⅵ Class) 38 2.2.2.2 Margin shearfracture & depressed basins of Craton rotation(Ⅶ Class) 40 2.2.2.3 Circumoceanic basins related cont.margin shear fracture (Ⅷ Class) 41 2.2.3 Brief introduction on classes and orders for continental shelves & submarine tectonic landforms 42 2.2.3.1 Shelf seas on continental margin(Ⅸ Class) 42 2.2.3.2 Seamounts, seaplatform & searidges(Ⅹ Class) 43 2.2.3.3 Troughs, marginal seas & intercont. relict seas (Ⅺ Class ) 43 2.2.3.4 Consuming boundaries of oceanic plate—trenches (Ⅻ Class) 44 2.2.3.5 Oceanic basins & midoceanic ridges (Ⅹ Ⅲ Class) 45 Chapter 3 Outline of Continent Climatic Landforms of General Geomorphic Map §3.1 Climatic landform classifications 47 3.1.1 Glacialcryogenic morphogenetic class (Ⅰ) 47 3.1.2 Cryogenicfluvial periglacial class (Ⅱ) 48 3.1.3 Cryogenicsubcryogenic permafrostfluvial landform class (Ⅲ) 48 3.1.3.1 Permafrost cryogenicfluvialmass movements subclass (IIIa) 48 3.1.3.2 Paleoperiglacial modern fluvialslope erosion subclass (IIIb) 49 3.1.4 Experience various morphologic process class under cold warm and dryhumid alternate (IV) 49 3.1.4.1 Monsoon fluvial morphogenetic subclass undergoing paleocryogenic processes (IVa) 49 3.1.4.2 Monsoon morphoclimatic subclass undergoing subtropical and periglacial processes (IVb) 49 3.1.4.3 Monsoon influential steppeforest steppe denudation erosion subclass (IVc) 49 3.1.4.4 Inland temperate steppe denudation subdass (IVd) 49
3.1.5 Aeolian landform class (V) 49 3.1.5.1 Sandy desert subclass of aeolian process (Va) 49 3.1.5.2 Rockyclayey desert subclass of fluvialaeolian processes (Vb) 50 3.1.6 Subtropical morphogenetic class with stronger weathering and denudation (VI) 50 3.1.7 Aridhumid tropical morphogenetic class with strong denudation and erosion (VII) 51 3.1.7.1 Peritropical morphogenetic subclass undergoing typical paleotropics (VIIa) 51 3.1.7.2 Monsoon rainforest tropical morphogenetic subclass with thick redresiduum (VIIb) 51 3.1.7.3 Savanna denudational morphogenetic subclass undergoing hotwetter processes (VIIc) 51 3.1.8 Equatorial humid tropical morphogenetic class of double denudations (VIII) 51 3.1.9 Mountain vertical zonality class on horizontal zone (IX)52 3.1.9.1 Polar and subpolar mountain subclass (IXa) 52 3.1.9.2 Temperate humidsemihumid mountain subclass (IXb) 52 3.1.9.3 Arid and semiarid mountain subclass (IXc) 52 3.1.9.4 Humid subtropicaltropical mountain subclass (IXd~e) 53 3.1.9.5 Extremely high mountain subclass of multiple zonality (IXf) 53 3.1.9.6 Permafrost plateau subclass (IXg) 53 §3.2 Special types, representation and patterns of distribution54 3.2.1 Glacial and cryogenic processes and relevant landform phenomena 54 3.2.2 Karst landform 54 3.2.3 Arid eolian sand depositional and erosional landforms 55 3.2.4 Loess, laterite and their relevant landforms 55 Chapter 4 Plate Morphotectonic Synopses of Continent and Ocean §4.1 Morphotectonic history synopses of continental plate rotation and collision 58 4.1.1 Rotation and collision events of the North American to the Eurasian Plates—intercontinental sea formation of Arctic Ocean 58 4.1.2 Rotation and collision events and their morphotectonic features of the PanAfrican to the Eurasian Plates 59 4.1.3 Arabian rotationcollision events to Eurasia—formation of Arabian Plate and its frontal mts.arc 61 4.1.4 Greater India rotationcollision to Asia—both mts.arcs formation of Gangdise and Himalayas 62 §4.2 Recent motion of the Pacific Plate and its morphotectonic history synopsis in East Asia 66 4.2.1 NNWwards motion of Northwest Pacific during 122~58 Ma (K51~E21) 66 4.2.1.1 The responses events of continental margin in Northeast Asia 66 4.2.1.2 The responses events of continental margine from Far East to South China 67 4.2.1.3 Huge deformation of left shear fracture in outside of circumoceanic fault of China 67 4.2.2 SWSSWwards motion of the West Pacific during 58~12 Ma (E21~N51) 68 4.2.2.1 Formation of a series of marginal seas in the West Pacific 69 4.2.2.2 Response of seafloor landforms and sediments in the Northwest Pacific 70 §4.3 Modern intraplate movement and its conceptual model 72 4.3.1 Argument basis for conceptual model of modern intraplate movement of Asia and its adjacent seas 72 4.3.1.1 The necessity of present dynamic regionsystem division to modeling 72 4.3.1.2 The division of vertical layers on present plate and subplates 73 4.3.1.3 The modeling method of the plate movement and its geomorphic response shown by the oceanic ridge reference frame and sealand paleomagnetism 74 4.3.1.4 The problem of applying GPS data to study the kinematics of intraplate subplates 75 4.3.2 Modern submarine spreading rate of continental periphery and its redistribution in intercontinent 76 4.3.2.1 The spreading rate of Arctic Ocean and its redistribution in North Eurasia 76 4.3.2.2 The spreading rate of the N. Atlantic Ocean and its effect on the crustal movement of Europe 77 4.3.2.3 The spreading rate of S.AtlanticSW.Indian Oceans and its action of plate margin on Africa and Eurasia 78 4.3.2.4 The spreading rate of the N. Indian Ocean and its redistribution in midsouth Asia and SE. Asia 79 4.3.2.5 The spreading rate of the NE. Indian Ocean and SW.Pacific Ocean and its effect on SE. Asia and Australia 80 4.3.2.6 Sea and land interaction dynamic regionsystem and their present moving of circumoceanic inner zone 81 4.3.2.7 W.Pacific spreading rate and its redistribution in the outer continental margin of East Asia 85 Concluding Remarks of the Asia’s Two Maps 90 Main References 93
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