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1. The Pan-Himalayas (the Himalayas and adjacent regions) forms a natural geographic unit, from the Wakhan
Corridor and northeastern Hindu Kush eastwards to the Hengduan Mountains via Karakorum and the Himalayas.
This region covers northeastern corner of Afghanistan, northern Pakistan, northern India, Nepal, Bhutan, northern
Myanmar, and southwest China (S Tibet, SE Qinghai, SE Gansu, W Sichuan and NW Yunnan).
2. Flora of Pan-Himalayas will be published in English in two editions: printed and online. It treats all the native and
naturalized vascular plants of this region.
3. The Flora will be published in 50 volumes (ca. 80 books), with large families divided into two to seven parts.
Publication schedule will be based on the availability of manuscripts. The classification systems used in this Flora
will reflect current understanding of phylogenetic relationships of the plant groups. The APG III system will be adopted
for angiosperms, and up-to-date phylogenetic systems of gymnosperms, ferns and lycophytes will also be reflected
in treating these groups.
4. Natural and rational delimitation of species is a critical task of taxonomy, and is the most important criterion for
judging the scientific value and usefulness of a Flora. Population concepts should be employed in taxonomy;
character analysis should be considered as the basis for a rational taxonomic treatment; field observations,
population sampling, phylogenetic analysis, and statistic analysis should be carried out, when possible, to
detect variation of characters and evaluate the taxonomic significance of character for delimiting species. Herbarium
specimens kept at the following herbaria must be examined and identified: PE, KUN, K, BM, and E. Authors
are encouraged to visit the following herbaria: CAL, TI, A, CAS, CDBI, DD, KATH, MICH, SZ, B, P, W, Raw, ISL, and
HNWP for checking more materials.
5. Delimitation of closely related species should be based on discontinuous (including statistically discontinuous)
variations of at least two correlated characters. As to apomicts (such as Taraxacum spp., Sorbus spp.) and
vegetatively reproducing plants, “macrospecies” should be adopted instead of “microspecies”.
6. Only subspecies are to be adopted at the infraspecific level, and varieties may be used in special cases.
Subspecies are geographical races and are horizontally or vertically vicarious, whereas varieties are of prominent
ecotypes. Polymorphic forms within populations should not be recognized as different taxa. The description of
species should cover all of its elements. Variations which do not merit taxonomic recognition may be noted in the
species descriptions.
7. The subdivision of families and genera should be concise. For small families and genera, the subdivision may be
avoided. Infrafamilial systems should reflect the current understanding of phylogenetic relationships, especially
those generated from solid molecular data.
8. The concept of genus should reflect the current understanding of its phylogeny. The generic concept strongly
supported by both molecular and morphological evidence should be adopted, but those with weak support in
molecular analysis and without sound morphological evidence should not be accepted. A conservative treatment
should be kept for less known groups.
9. Identification key is one of the most important results of classification, and the best reflection of its usefulness.
Authors should construct a key based on examination of all relevant specimens. Keys should not be based on a
single character, and should avoid vague words, such as “relatively large” vs. “relatively small”, “longer” vs. “shorter”.
It is better to use easily visible characters in the keys. Dichotomous indented keys are to be used in this Flora as
those in “Flora of China”.
10. Description of species should be concise with emphasis on diagnostic characters, and should include habitats,
geographical distribution, chromosome numbers, phenology, and other biological features, as well as reliable
economic uses and conservation information.
11. Literature citation for accepted names and basionyms must be provided.
12. Type information and herbaria holding the types should be indicated after the literature citation. Designation of types
can be done in this Flora when it is necessary.
13. Vouchers are to be cited to record geographical distribution for each species/subspecies/variety. Only one
representative specimen is needed for each distribution unit (county in China, district in the other countries).
For widespread taxon with distribution in more than ten subdivisions, specimen citation can be avoided.
14. New taxa, new combinations, and new names should be published in botanical journals prior to their adoption in
the Flora.
15. Sterile hybrids and those hybrids not forming populations are to be briefly stated after the descriptions of their
parents. Cultivated plants may be indicated at the end of the treatment of the genus, but not included in the
identification keys.
16. All genera, and at least one third of species, should be illustrated with line drawings. The illustrations can be
drawn from herbarium specimens selected by the authors, or taken from publications with permission.
Relatively high quality of drawings is required in the present Flora. Diagnostic characters of the species should
be clearly illustrated and more than one species can be placed on one plate.
17. The web edition of the Flora will be published online before the corresponding printed edition. Colour
photographs, distribution maps and other sources of information are to be included only in the web edition.
18. The physical geography, history of studies on the vascular plants from this region, biogeography, conservation
of biodiversity, and key to families will be included in the first (introductive) volume. A comprehensive index to
taxa and other subjects will be published in the last volume.
19. Specific guidelines, an example for the Flora preparation, and a map with localities to be cited will be provided
by the editorial committee.
Volume 1 Introduction
Volume 2-4 Pteridophyta (Ferns) 59 families
Volume 5 (Gymnospermae, 9 families)
Volume 6 1.Nymphaceae, 2.Schisandraceae (including Illiciaceae),3.Chloranthaceae,4.Saururaceae
5.Piperaceae; 6.Aristolochiaceae; 7.Myristicaceae; 8.Magnoliaceae; 9.Annonaceae
10.Calycanthaceae; 11.Hernandiaceae; 12.Lauraceae
Volume 7 13.Acoraceae, 14.Araceae (including Lemnaceae), 15.Tofieldiaceae, 16.Alismataceae
17.Butomaceae, 18.Hydrocharitaceae (including Najadaceae), 19.Scheuchzeriaceae
20.Juncaginaceae (including Lilaeaceae), 21.Potamogetonaceae (including Zannichelliaceae)
22.Nartheciaceae (including Aletris L., originally in Liliaceae),23.Burmanniaceae
24.Dioscoreaceae (including Taccaceae), 25.Velloziaceae (including Acanthochlamydaceae)
26.Stemonaceae, 27.Pandanaceae,
Volume 8 28.Melanthiaceae (including Trilliaceae), 29.Colchicaceae, 30.Smilacaceae, 31.Liliaceae
Volume 9 32.Orchidaceae
Volume 10 33.Hypoxidaceae, 34.Iridaceae,35.Xanthorrhoeaceae (including Asphodelaceae)
36.Amaryllidaceae (including Alliaceae), 37.Asparagaceae(including Agavaceae, Ruscaceae)
Volume 11 38.Arecaceae (Palmae), 39.Commelinaceae, 40.Pontederiaceae, 41.Musaceae, 42.Cannaceae
43.Marantaceae, 44.Costaceae, 45.Zingiberaceae, 46.Typhaceae (including Sparganiaceae)
47.Bromeliaceae, 48.Xyridaceae, 49.Eriocaulaceae, 50.Juncaceae,
Volume 12 51.Cyperaceae
Volume 13 52.Poaceae
Volume 14 53.Ceratophyllaceae, 54.Eupteleaceae,55.Papaveraceae
Volume 15 (201)56.Circaeasteraceae, 57.Lardizabalaceae (including Sargentodoxaceae),58.Menispermaceae
59.Berberidaceae,
Volume 16 60.Ranunculaceae, 61.Sabiaceae, 62.Platanaceae,63.Proteaceae,64.Trochodendraceae (including Tetracentraceae)
65.Buxaceae,
Volume 17 66.Dilleniaceae, 67.Paeoniaceae,68.Hamamelidaceae,69.Cercidiphyllaceae, 70.Daphniphyllaceae
71.Iteaceae,72.Grossulariaceae, 73.Saxifragaceae,
Volume 18 74.Crassulaceae, 75.Haloragaceae, 76.Vitaceae (including Leeaceae), 77.Zygophyllaceae (including Balanitaceae)
Volume 19 78.Fabaceae, 79.Polygalaceae
Volume 20 80.Rosaceae
Volume 21 81.Elaeagnaceae, 82.Rhamnaceae, 83.Ulmaceae, 84.Cannabaceae, 85.Moraceae
Volume 22 86.Urticaceae,
Volume 23 87.Fagaceae, 88.Myricaceae, 89.Juglandaceae, 90.Betulaceae (including Corylaceae)
91.Coriariaceae, 92.Cucurbitaceae, 93.Tetramelaceae, 94.Datiscaceae, 95.Begoniaceae
Volume 24 96.Celastraceae (including Parnassiaceae), 97.Connaraceae, 98.Oxalidaceae
99.Elaeocarpaceae
Volume 25 100.Pandaceae, 101.Rhizophoraceae, 102.Erythroxylaceae,103.Rafflesiaceae,104.Euphorbiaceae,105.Ochnaceae
106.Elatinaceae, 107.Malpighiaceae, 108.Passifloraceae,
Volume 26 109.Salicaceae (including Flacourtiaceae), 110.Violaceae, 111.Linaceae, 112.Clusiaceae (including Guttiferae )
113.Podostemonaceae, 114.Hypericaceae,
Volume 27 115.Geraniaceae, 116.Combretaceae, 117.Lythraceae, 118.Onagraceae, 119.Myrtaceae, 120.Melastomataceae
121.Staphyleaceae, 122.Stachyuraceae
Volume 28 123.Biebersteiniaceae, 124.Burseraceae, 125.Anacardiaceae, 126.Sapindaceae (including Aceraceae, Hippocastanaceae)
127.Rutaceae,128.Simaroubaceae, 129.Meliaceae, 130.Dipentodontaceae
Volume 29 131.Malvaceae Thymelaeaceae, 132.Cistaceae, 133.Dipterocarpaceae,134.Tropaeolaceae,135.Moringaceae
136.Caricaceae, 137.Resedaceae, 138.Capparaceae,
Volume 30 139.Brassicaceae (Cruciferae),
Volume 31 140.Balanophoraceae, 141.Olacaceae, 142.Opiliaceae, 143.Santalaceae (including Viscaceae),144.Loranthaceae
145.Frankeniaceae, 146.Tamaricaceae, 147.Plumbaginaceae,
Volume 32 148.Polygonaceae, 149.Droseraceae
Volume 33 150.Caryophyllaceae,
Volume 34 151.Amaranthaceae (including Chenopodiaceae), 152.Aizoaceae,153.Phytolaccaceae, 154.Nyctaginaceae
155.Basellaceae, 156.Portulacaceae, 157.Cactaceae, 158.Cornaceae (including Alangiaceae, Nyssaceae)
159.Hydrangeaceae, 160.Balsaminaceae, 161.Polemoniaceae, 162.Lecythidaceae, 163.Sladeniaceae, 164.Sapotaceae
165.Ebenaceae,
Volume 35 166.Primulaceae (including Maesaceae, Myrsinaceae) , 167.Theaceae, 168.Symplocaceae, 169.Diapensiaceae
170.Styracaceae, 171.Actinidiaceae (including Saurauiaceae), 172.Clethraceae
Volume 36 173.Ericaceae (including Monotropaceae, Pyrolaceae),
Volume 37 174.Icacinaceae, 175.Eucommiaceae, 176.Rubiaceae (including Theligonaceae)
Volume 38 177.Gentianaceae
Volume 39 178.Loganiaceae, 179.Apocynaceae (including Asclepiadaceae)
Volume 40 180.Boraginaceae (including Cordiaceae, Hydrophyllaceae)
Volume 41 181.Convolvulaceae, 182.Solanaceae, 183.Sphenocleaceae,
Volume 42 184.Carlemanniaceae, 185.Oleaceae, 186.Gesneriaceae ,187.Plantaginaceae (including Callitrichaceae, Hippuridaceae)
Volume 43 188.Scrophulariaceae (excluding Pedicularis), 189.Linderniaceae (originally in Scrophulariaceae)
190.Pedaliaceae,
Volume 44 191.Lamiaceae ( Labiatae)
Volume 45 192.Phrymaceae, 193.Orobanchaceae (including Pedicularis)
Volume 46 194.Lentibulariaceae, 195.Acanthaceae, 196.Bignoniaceae, 197.Verbenaceae
Volume 47 198.Helwingiaceae, 199.Aquifoliaceae,200.Campanulaceae, 201.Menyanthaceae
Volume 48 202.Asteraceae (Compositae)
Volume 49 203.Adoxaceae (including Sambucaceae), 204.Caprifoliaceae [including Dipsacaceae, Linnaeaceae, Morinaceae, Valerianaceae]
205.Pittosporaceae, 206.Araliaceae
Volume 50 207. Apiaceae (Umbelliferae)
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